Introduction to Marketing MODULE-I

Marketing is a set of business activities which facilitates the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer and it also includes product planning and after sale service.

JOB/IMPORTANCE OF MARKETING:-
According to a statement by "Buel" Marketing is making available the right product to the right people at right place in right time on roght price through right communication medium.
i.e.,
Right product :- As per current needs.
Right People :- The Target Group.
Right Place:- Through Proper Distribution Channel.
Right Time :- With the Proactive approach.
Right Price :- As per the purchasing Power of the customer.
Right Communication :- In easily understandable way of Communication.


Value :-
Value = Benefits / Cost =  All we Recieve / All we Pay.
Value Increases => Cost decreases or Benefit increases.

Development Stages of Marketing Concept :- 

(i) Production Concept
(ii) Product Concept
(iii) Selling Concept
(iv) Marketing Concept

(i) The Production Concept :- 
In early 1900s, production was the only problem and not the selling. Companies tries to achieve Economies of Scale ie., That largest level of Production where per unit manufacturing cost falls to minimum.

(ii) The Product Concept :-
This Concept holds that consumers will favour those products which offers the top most quality , performance or innovative features.
Marketing Myopia i.e., Overemphasis on product excellance & ignorance of customer need is the basic problem in the product concept.

(iii) The Selling Concept :- 
Good Sales is possible only through advertisements & other promotional tools. This is a seller oriented approach.

(iv) The Marketing Concept :-
It is a customer oriented approach. The job is not to find the right customer for your product but the right product for your customer. Under this concept profit is achieved through customer's satisfaction.

(v) The Societal Marketing Concept :-
Customer should get satisfaction.
Company Should get profit.
Society should get Welfare.

Customer , Consumer and Client :-
CUSTOMER:-
Customer is a person who pays for the product i.e., having purchasing power.
It is not necessary that a customer will be a consumer too.

CONSUMER:-
A person who consumes or uses the product is a consumer. It is not necessary that a consumer will be a customer too.

CLIENT :-
A client is the one who can be served "individually" and can be "addressed by name".


MARKETING ENVIRONMENT :-
All those factors which effects the existance of marketing is called as the marketing environment.

Marketing environment is of two types :-
(i) Internal (Controllable)
(ii) External (Uncontrollable)

Micro Factors are those factors which directly effects the 4P's.

Macro-Factors are those factors which first- effects micro factors & hence ultimately affecting the 4P's indirectly.

(i) Demography :- It Largely involves the people i.e., the population group. It affects the taste of customer.

(ii) Politico- Legal Factor :- 
This may include change in government , change in policies with reference to goods manufactured by the seller.

(iii) Economical Factor:-
Factors such as prices, inflation, stagnation, credit availability, excess liquidity, etc. have impact on a given market. If there is high inflation, sales maybe affected.

(iv) Social and Cultural Factors:-
This factor also plays an important role in the marketing concept.

(v) Technological Factors :-
Technological developments have greatly influenced the lifestyles of people across the globe and are also responsible for creating needs and demands for newer products and services fom them.

PRODUCT:-
A product is anything that can be offered to market to satisfy certain needs & wants.
Example:- Chocolate, AC, Teaching, Poliodrops, Gujarat, etc.

It can be in the form of :-
(i) Physical goods.
(ii) Ideas/ services.
(iii) Places.
(iv) Persons.

SERVICES & Their Unique Characteristics :-

Any act/ performance which one party offers to another is a service.
Services are of following types :-
(i) Person---> Person (ex:- Teaching, Barber's haircut, etc)
(ii) Person---> Machine (ex:- AC service person, etc )
(iii) Machine---> Person (ex:- ATM, ROsystem,etc )
(iv) Machine---> Machine (Ex:- Automatic cleaning system, etc)

Unique Characteristics :-
=> Intangibility i.e., a service (since it lacks physical existence or form) cannot be seen, smelled, tasted, touched, or stored.
=> Inseparability i.e, As soon as it is produced it is consumed.
=> Variability i.e., Variation in a service are possible.
=> Perishability i.e., Services cannot be kept or stored.
=> Ownership doesnot get transferred from level to level.

PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION :-
(i) Convenient Product :-
Less Priced, No bargaining product, Purchase with minimum efforts, frequently purchased.
Ex:- FMCG :- Fast Moving Consumer Goods , Petrol, etc.
Characteristics of FMCG:-
(i) Packaged & Short Shelf Life.
(ii) Personal & Home Care.
(iii) Packaged food and beverages.
(iv) Tobacco & Alcohols.
(v) Over the counter Medicines.

(ii) Shopping Product :-
Medium priced, Bargaining products, Purchase with some efforts. We buy them only after comparing their prices, qualities & designs etc.
Ex:- Clothes, Footwear's, Sunglasses, artificial Jewelries, etc.

(iii) Speciality product :-
High Priced, Brand Preferances, Durable Nature (Not frequently purchased ), purchased with high efforts.
Example :- Smartphones, Laptops, Ac's, Car, Diamonds, etc

(iv) Unsought Products :-
Unsought Products are those the customer doesnot know more about or doesnot normally think of buying.
Example:- Encyclopedias, Smoke Detectors, etc.

PRODUCT LEVELS :-

There are five levels of the products :-
(i) Core product :- The fundamental service or benefit that the customer is really buying.
(ii) Basic Product :- It consist of all those arrangements which are absolutely necessary for the delivery of Core .
Ex:- Pen is an actual product.
(iii) Expected Product :- It consist of all those arrangements, terms and conditions that must be fulfilled & checked before buying any product.
Ex:- While Buying a water bottle , we expect the water to be clean.
(iv) Augmented Product :- It is the effort or process to make the product better from its counter parts.
(v) Potential Product :-  All those things that are not in the product currently but can be made available in future is called Potential Product.

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT STAGES :-
1. Idea generation / Screening.
2. Concept testing.
3. Product Development.
4. Test Marketing.
5. Commercialization.


That is All We have in Module-I of Marketing :)
3 more Modules to come :)

Reasoning Ability-I

Q.161-166. In each question below are three statements followed by three conclusions numbered I, II and III. You have to take the three given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the three given statements disregarding commonly known facts. Then decide which of the answers (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) is the correct answer.

Q.161. Statements : All stamps are packets. Some packets are buckets. All buckets are tubes.
Conclusions : I. Some tubes are stamps.
II. Some buckets are stamps.
III. Some tubes are packets.

(1) None follows (2) Only I follows  (3) Only II follows (4) Only III follows (5) Only II and III follow

Q.162. Statements : All machines are crowns. All crowns are tablets. Some tablets are bottles.
Conclusions : I. Some bottles are crowns.
II. Some tablets are machines.
III. Some bottles are machines.

(1) Only I follows  (2) Only II follows (3) Only III follows (4) Only II and III follow (5) None of these

Q.163. Statements : All rooms are hotels. All hotels are buildings. All buildings are mountains.
Conclusions : I. Some mountains are hotels.
II. Some buildings are rooms.
Ill. Some mountains are rooms.

(1) Only I and II follow (2) Only I and III follow (3) Only II and III follow (4) All I, II and III follow (5) None of these

Q.164. Statements : Some towns are villages. Some villages are lanes. Some lanes are hamlets.
Conclusions : I. Some hamlets are villages.
II. Some lanes are towns.
III. Some hamlets are towns.

(1) None follows (2) Only I follows (3) Only II follows (4) Only III follows (5) Only I and II follow

Q.165. Statements : Some rivers are hills. No hill is taxi. All taxis are buses.
Conclusions : I. Some buses are rivers.
II. Some taxis are rivers. .
III. No bus is river.

(1) None follows (2) Only I follows (3) Only III follows (4) Only II follows (5) Only either I or III follows

Q.166. Statements : Some doors are windows. Some windows are lamps. All lamps are candles.
Conclusions : I. Some candles are doors.
II. Some candles are windows.
Ill. Some lamps are doors.

(1) Only I follows (2) Only II follows (3) Only III follows (4) Only I and II follow (5) None of these

Q.179-184.Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below :
A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circle facing at the centre. H is fourth to the left of
B and second to the right of F. A is third to the left of C who is not an immediate neighbour of F.
G is second to the left of A. D is second to the right of E.
Q.179. Who is third to the left of A ?
(1) C         (2) F        (3) B          (4) Data inadequate         (5) None of these

Q.180. Which of the following pairs represents the immediate neighbours of E ?
(1)DH        (2)HC       (3) CA      (4) Data inadequate         (5) None of these

Q.181. Who is to the immediate right of B ?
(1) D         (2) E         (3) F          (4) Data inadequate          (5) None of these

Q.182. Who is to the immediate right of H ?
(1) E          (2) C         (3) H         (4) Data inadequate           (5) None of these

Q.183. Who is to the immediate right of F ?
(1) H          (2) A         (3) G        (4) Data inadequate           (5) None of these

Q.184. In which of the following pairs is the first person sitting to the immediate left of the second
person ?
(1) EH        (2) CE       (3) AF      (4) DB                               (5) None of these

Data Interpretation-I

Q.131-135. Study the following graph carefully to answer these questions.

Q.131. What is the ratio between total strength of institutes A, B and C together in year 2003 and the
total strength of institutes E, F and G together in 2005 respectively ?
(1) 103 :101      (2) 101 :103      (3) 51 : 53      (4) 53 : 51     (5) None of these

Q.132. If in the year 2002, the overall percentage of students passed from all the institutes is 70%, total how many students passed in 2002 from all the institutes together ?
(1) 3402            (2) 3420             (3) 3422         (4) 3382        (5) None of these

Q.133. If from institute B, overall 60% students passed for all the given years, approximately what is
the average number of students passed ?
(1) 430              (2) 425                (3) 390           (4) 395         (5)405

Q.134. Strength of institute F in the year 2004 is what percent of the total strength of that institute for all seven years together ? (rounded off to two digits after decimal).
(1) 14.28           (2) 14.98            (3) 12.90        (4) 14.75        (5) None of these

Q.135. What is the difference between the total number of students in 2006 for all the institutes together and total number of students in the year 2008 for all the institutes together ?
(1) 50                (2) 70                 (3) 10             (4) 30             (5) None of these


Q.136-140. Study the following graph carefully to answer these questions.
INVESTMENTS (IN LAKH RS.) OF TWO BUSINESS PARTNERS A & B OVER THE YEARS

Q.136. What was the percent rise in A’s investment in the year 2004 from the previous year ?
(1) 25%            (2) 20%         (3) 33(1/3)%         (4) 33(2/3)%          (5) None of these

Q.137. What was the percent rise in investment of B in the year 2004 from 2001 ?
(1) 45.6            (2) 37.5          (3) 30                    (4) 60                     (5) None of these

Q.138. What was the percent rise/fall in the total investment of A & B together from the year 2002 to 2005 ? (Rounded off to two digits after decimal)
(1) 8.33%fall    (2) 9.09% rise    (3) 8.33% rise     (4) 9.09%fall       (5) None of these

Q.139. What is the ratio between total investment of A in the year 2001, 2002 and 2003 together and the total investment of B in these three years together respectively ?
(1) 5:6              (2) 6:5                (3)15:17               (4)17:15              (5) None of these

Q.140. Investment of B in the year 2003 is approximately what percent of his total investment for all the years together ?
(1) 12              (2) 18                  (3) 20                    (4) 17                 (5) 14

Reasoning In Out Circle

Directions (1-6): Read the following information carefully and answer the given questions.
There are seven persons P, Q, R, S, T, U and V sitting around a circular table. Three of them are facing inside while the rest are facing outside. They work in the different companies, viz A, B, C, D, E, F and G, but not necessarily in the same order.
S sits between R and the person who is facing inside and he is to the right of the latter. V works in Company F and sits second to the left of T, who works in Company A. P is fourth to the right of Q and both are facing the same direction. The one who works in Company D is the neighbour of both T and V. S does not work in Company G. The persons who are facing inside on the immediate right of the persons who are facing outside. U and Q are facing inside. The person who, works in Company B sits on the immediate right of the one who works in Company A. The person who works in Company C sits on the immediate left of V.

1. Who among the following is facing inside?
1) T
2) V
3) R
4) P
5) None of these

2. Who among the following is on the immediate right of U?
1) P
2) V
3) R
4) Q
5) None of these

3. If S and Q interchange their positions, who among the following will be second to the left of the one, who works in Company F?
1) Q
2) R
3) T
4) U
5) None of these

4. S works in which of the following companies?
1) G
2) E
3) C
4) Can't be determined
5) None of these

5. R works in which of the following companies?
1) A
2) C
3) E
4) G
5) D

6. How many persons are there between T and P when counted from T in clockwise direction?
1) Three
2) Two
3) Four
4) Five
5) None of these 

7. A man walked 30m towards south, took a left turn and walked 20m. Then he took a right turn and walked 27m. Again he took a right turn and walked 20m. How far is the man from the starting point?
1) 50m
2) 57m
3) 35m
4) 40m
5) None of these

8. In a certain code language THRIVES is written as VJTFXBU. How is SOULFUL written in that code language?
1) ULRNHRN
2) U'RLNHRN
3) URXNFIRN
4)NRHNRLU
5) None of these

9. How many such pairs of letters are there in the word TEMPORAL each of which has as many letters between them in the word as in the English alphabet?
1) None
2) One
3) Two
4) Three
5) More than three 

10. How many such pairs of letters are there in the word CEREMONY each of which has as many letters between them in the word as in the English alphabet?
1) Two
2) Three
3) Four
4) More than four
5) None of these 

Directions (11-15): Read the following information carefully and answer the given questions.
Eight friends-A, B, C. D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circular table not necessarily in the same order. Three of them are facing outside (opposite to the centre) while five are facing the centre. There are equal number of males and females in the group. C is facing the centre. E is sitting third to the right of C. F is sitting third to the left of E. Three persons are sitting between F and B. The immediate neighbours of Bare females. G is sitting third to the right of F. D is sitting third to the right of A. A is not an immediate neighbour of E. The immediate neighbours of E are males and are facing the centure. The immediate neighbours of D are females and face outside. The one sitting third to the left of B is a male. No female is an immediate neighbour of G.

11. Who is sitting second to the right of E?
(A) C
(B) B
(C) G
(D) H
(E) None of these

12. How many persons are sitting between H and e when counted from the left side of H?
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Four
(E) More than four

13. Which of the following statements is true regarding H?
(A) The one who is second to the right of H is a female
(B) H is facing the centre
(C) H is a male
(D) The immediate neighbours of H are facing outside
(E) None is true

14. What is D's position with respect to G?
(A) Third to the left
(B) Third to the right
(C) Second to the left
(D) Second to the right
(E) None of these

15.Four of the following five are alike in a certain way based on their seating positions in the above arrangement and hence form a group. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
(A) BE
(B) CG
(C) GA
(D) DH
(E)  AF



(1-6):- (1- 4), (2- 2), (3- 1), (4- 2), (5- 4), (6-1)

7- 2
8- 1
9- 5
10- 2
11- C
12- E
13- A
14- B
15- C

Quant Quiz

1. Two pipes A and B can separately fill a cistern in 60 minutes and 75 minutes respectively. There is a third pipe in the bottom of the cistern to empty it. If all the three pipes are simultaneously opened, then the cistern is full in 50 minutes. In how much time, the third pipe alone can empty the cistern?
a) 90 min      b) 100 min       c) 110 min       d) 120 min        e) None of these

2. What will be the ratio of simple interest earned by certain amount at the same rate of interest
for 6 years and that for 9 years?
a) 1 : 3          b) 1 : 4             c) 2 : 3            d) Data inadequate             e) None of these

3. When any number is divided by 12, then dividend becomes (1/4)th of the other number. By how
much percent first number is greater than the second number?
a) 150           b) 200              c) 300             d) Data inadequate             e) None of these

4. A sphere of 30 cm radius is dropped into a cylindrical vessel of 80 cm diameter, which is
partly filled wikth water, then its level rises by x cm. Find x:
a) 27.5 cm    b) 22.5 cm       c) 18.5 cm      d) Data inadequate             e) None of these

5. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 24?
a) 35718       b) 63810         c) 537804       d) 3125736                        e) None of these

6. The average weight of A, B and C is 45 kg. If the average weight of A and B be 40 kg and
that of B and C be 43 kg, then the weight of B is:
a) 17 kg        b) 20Kg          c) 26Kg          d) 31Kg                             e) None of these

7. The maximum numbers of students among them 1001 pens and 910 pencils can be distributed
in such a way that each student gets the same number of pens and same number of pencils is
a) 91             b) 910             c) 1001          d) 1911                              e) None of these

8. In how many ways can a group of 5 men and 2 women be made out of a total of 7 men and 3
women?
a) 63             b) 90              c) 126             d) 145                                 e) None of these

9. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards. The probability of getting a queen of club or a king of heart is:
a) 1/13        b) 2/13             c) 1/26          d) 1/52                                 e) None of these

10. One pipe can fill a tank three times as fast as another pipe. If together the two pipes can fill the tank in 86 minutes, then the slower pipe alone will be able to fill the tank in
a) 81 min    b) 108 min        c) 144 min     d) 192 min      e) None of these


Level :- Very Easy 
Max. time to be taken :- 5-7 min

Finding The Cube in an easy way

During our Mathematical calculationn, we sometime needs the cube of two digit numbers. Cubes of large numbers are rarely used. In the process explained below we will learn to find the cube of any two digit number just by remembering the cubes of First Ten Natural Numbers only.

To Remember :-
1^3 = 3            2^3 = 8           3^3 = 27             4^3= 64           5^3 = 125
6^3= 216         7^3= 343        8^3= 512            9^3= 729         10^3 = 1000

Steps to find the cube of any two digit numbers:-

I. Write down the cube of Tens digit in a row of 4 figures. The other three numbers in the row of answer should be written in a geometrical ratio in the exact proportion which is there between the digits of the given number.
II. The Second step is to write the two times of 2nd and 3rd number just below the second and third number respectively. Then add up the two rows.

Lets Understand it Using some example below :-

Ex 1. 14^3 = ?
I. Tens digit of the number 14 is 1, so we write 1^3 = 1. Also the ratio between 1 and 4 is 1:4, the next digits will be double the previous one. So, the first row is

1      4      16      64

II. In the above row our 2nd and 3rd digit from right are 16 and 4 respectively. so, we write down 32 and 8 below 16 and 4 respectively.Then add up the two rows. 

                                                               1      4      16      64

                                                                       8      32     

                                                         ------------------------------------

                                                   2       ₁7     ₅4         ₆4     = 2744

Ex. 2: 16^3 = ?

Solution:-     1          6          36          216

                               12         72

                     ----------------------------------------

                     4          ₃0        ₁₂9          ₂₁6         =             4096

Ex. 3:- 34^3 = ?

Solution:-     27          36         48          64

                                  72         96 

                   -----------------------------------------

                     39         ₁₂3        ₁₅0         ₆4        =              39304

Here Ratio between frst digit and 2nd digit is 3:4. Hence, Next numbers should be 4/3 of the previous ones.

Hope You all will like it :)

Try to find cubes of different two digits number using the above method  :)

Note:- Don't use this method to find the cubes of 20,30,40,50,..........

Square Any Number In an Easy Way-Vedic Mathematics

Finding Square of Any Number using Vedic Math

The formula is called Dwandwa-yoga (Duplex combination process). Let's see how it works.
Duplex (D) of a number is found as follows, examples later will make it more clear.
For Duplex, in the number sequence we have to find square of, we take twice the product of the outermost pair, and then add twice the product of the next outermost pair, and so on until no pair is left.
When there are odd number of digits in the original sequence there is one digit left by itself in the middle, then this enters as its square.

So, if the number is:

                    a  then D -> a2
                    ab then D -> 2(axb)
                   abc then D -> 2(axc) +b2
                  abcd then D -> 2(axd) + 2(bxc)
                 abcde then D -> 2(axe) + 2(bxd)+c2
                ...and so on.

So, finding duplex is so easy, and after that, it is just addition, so very simple. 
Before that, note that if we are given an n digit number to square, we will prepend that number with n-1 zeros.

So, let's try this. Find square of 52. It is a two digit number, so, add 2-1=1 zero in the front.

                                        052
Now, let's find the Duplex:

                         For 2,  D= 22 = 4
                         For 52, D=2(5x2) = 20
                         For 052,D=2(0x2)+52 = 25

So, simple, now, just add the numbers we got:

                                           04
                                          20
                                         25
                                       _______
                                         2704

Let's try one more example: 109²
A three digit number, so we have to add 3-1=2 zeros before it.

                 00109
Duplex:
            For 9,            D=92 = 81
            For 09,           D= 2(0x9) = 0
            For 109,          D=2(1x9)+02 = 18
            For 0109,         D=2(0x9)+2(1x0) = 0
            For 00109,        D=2(0x9)+2(0x0)+12 = 1

Here we go:
                                      81
                                     00
                                    18
                                   00
                                  01
                                __________
                                  011881 
                          
Indeed, that's the answer.

Let's do an easy one: 152
                               015
                            For 5,    D = 52 = 25
                            For 15,   D= 2(1x5) = 10
                            For 015,  D=2(0x5)+12 = 1
And,
                                          25
                                         10
                                        01
                                     ________
                                        0225 is the answer.

Now, that brings me to a special case, for even easier calculation. 
The special case is - the numbers which are ending with 5. Say, the number is of the form a5. The square of that number will be = a(a+1)|5².

So, for 152, the result will be 1(1+1) | 52
                                i.e. 2 | 25 or 225.

Similarly, 952 will be 9(9+1) | 25
                                        i.e. 9025.

This surely will help many of you :)

ATB :)

Time and Work Short Pdf

Time and work problems are very essential for any competitive exam, and generally, 2-3 problems appear from this topic. What’s more important is that these are very simple problems and you can improve your score by solving them in almost no time.

Click Here  to download short notes on Time and Work :)

Hope You all like it and This may help you :)

Share if You like it :) :P

Number Series

1-5: What Should come in place of '?' in the following number series
1. 289   303   324   352   387   429 ?
(1) 478          (2) 508         (3) 487          (4) 558         (5) 473

2. 45   43   83   245   975   4869 ?
(1) 29214       (2) 24501     (3) 19476        (4) 29207          (5) 30058

3. 31   34   71   216   867   4338 ?
(1) 26028        (2) 26031        (3) 21690        (4) 23150         (5) 23432

4. 16   16   40   140   840   7980 ?
(1) 163290      (2) 136290        (3) 132690        (4) 126390        (5) 123690

5. 16   24   36   54   81   121.5 ?
(1) 200            (2)195.75           (3) 182.25           (4) 150.5           (5) 170.25

6-10: In The following number series only one number is wrong. Find out the wrong number.
6. 3   6   16   47.5   154.5   558.5   2257
(1) 2257          (2) 47.5          (3) 154.5          (4) 558.5          (5) None of these

7. 898  906  933  996  1122  1338  1681
(1) 906            (2) 933            (3) 1122           (4) 1338          (5) None of these

8. 7   56   442   3089   18532   92647   370586
(1) 442            (2) 92647         (3) 18532         (4) 3089          (5) None of these

9. 8000   3200   1280   512   204.8   84.92   32.768
(1) 512            (2) 84.92          (3) 204.8           (4) 1280          (5) None of these

10. 4   55   576   4209   21280   64083   64204
(1) 4209          (2) 576              (3) 21280          (4) 64204         (5) None of these

Compound Interest

The Attached document of Compound Interest might help you to Solve CI problems easily
The Link is as below
Click Here to Download Compound Interest Notes :)

Or Can Also Be downloaded by Clicking Here :)

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Mensuration- 2D

The Attached Notes on Mensuration may will help you in Different Competitive exams
Hope You All Like It :)

Can be downloaded From

Link 1 Available upto 11/June/2015

Link 2 Available Always :)

Mediafire Link

Reasoning-II

Directions (1-6) Study the following information and answer the given questions:
Eight friends – A, B , C, D, E, F, G and H are sitting around a circular table not necessarily in the same order. Three of three of them are facing outside (opposite to the center) while five are facing the center. There are equal number of males and females in the group.
C is facing the center, E is sitting third to the right of C. F is sitting third to the left of E. Three persons are sitting between F and B. The immediate neighbours of B are females. G is sitting third to the right of F. D is sitting third to the right of A. A is not an immediate neighbor of E. The immediate neighbours of E are males and facing the centre.
The immediate neighbours of D are females and face outside. The one sitting third to the left of B is male. No female is an immediate neigbour of G.
Q1. Who is sitting second to the right of E?
(1) C                     
(2) B
(3) G                     
(4) H
(5) None of these

Q2. How many persons are sitting between H and C when counted from the left side of H?
(1) One                 
(2) Two
(3) Three             
(4) Four
(5) More than four

Q3. Which of the following statements are true regarding H?
(1) The one who is second to the right of H is female
(2) H is facing the center
(3) H is a male
(4) The immediate neighbors of H is facing outside
(5) None is true

Q4. What is D's position with respect to G?
(1) Third to the left
(2) Third to the right
(3) Second to the left
(4) Second to the right
(5) None of these

Directions (5-6) Four of the following five are alike in a certain way based on their seating positions in the above arrangements and hence form a group. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
Q5.   
(1) BE                   
(2) CG
(3) GA                         
(4) DH
(5) FA

Q6.   
(1) B                     
(2) F
(3) G                         
(4) A
(5) D

Directions (Q.7-11): Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below:
P, Q, R, S, T, V, W and Z are eight friends studying in three different engineering colleges - A, B and C in three disciplines - Mechanical, Electrical and Electronics with not less than two and not more than three in any college. Not more than three of them study in any of the three disciplines. W studies Electrical in college B with only T, who studies Mechanical. P and Z do not study in college C and study in the same discipline but not Electrical. R studies Mechanical in college C with V, who studies Electrical. S studies Mechanical and does not study in the same college where R studies. Q does not study Electronics.
Q7. Which of the following combinations of college-student¬specialisation is correct?
1) C-R-Electronics
2) A-Z-Electrical
3) B-W-Electronics
4) B-W-Electrical
5) B-Z-Electronics

Q8. In which of the following colleges do two students study in Electrical discipline?
1) A only
2) B only
3) C only
4) Cannot be determined
5) None of these

Q9. In which discipline does Q study?
1) Electrical
2) Mechanical
3) Electrical or Mechanical
4) Data inadequate
5) None of these

Q10. In which of the colleges at least one student studies in Mechanical discipline?
1) A only
2) B only
3) C only
4) Both A and B
5) All A, B and C

Q11. S studies in which college?
1) A
2) B
3) A or B
4) Data inadequate
5) None of these


Answers (1-6): 3, 2, 1, 2, 3
Explanation :- 

Answers (7-11): 4, 3, 1, 5, 1

Explanation :- 

PERSON	COLLEGE	STREAM
P	A	Electronics
Q	C	Electrical
R	C	Mechanical
S	A	Mechanical
T	B	Mechanical
V	C	Electrical
W	B	Electrical
Z	A	Electronics

QUANT QUIZ ( SHORTCUTS FOR FRACTIONS PROBLEMS )

Type – 1

When the numerators are same and the denominators are different, the fraction with the largest denominator is the smallest.

Have a look at the following example.

Example : Which of the following fractions is the smallest?

(3/5) , (3/7) , (3/13), (3/8)

Here, 13 is the largest denominator, so, (3/13) is the smallest fraction. 5 is the smallest denominator, hence (3/5) is the largest fraction.

Here logic is very simple, 

Situation: (i) Assume that you are 5 Children in your family. Your Dad brought an Apple and mom cut it into 5 pieces and distributed among all the children including you. (1/5)

Situation (ii) : Assume that you are 8 Children in your family. Your Dad brought an Apple and mom cut it into 8 pieces and distributed among all the children including you. (1/8)

Type 2 :

When the numerators are different and the denominators are same, the fraction with the largest numerator is the largest. Have a look at the following example. 

Example : Which of the following fractions is the smallest?

(7/5) , (9/5), (4/5), (11/5)

As 4 is the smallest numerator, the fraction 4/5 is the smallest.

As 11 is the largest numerator, the fraction 11/5 is the largest.

Here too logic is very simple,

Situation 1 : Assume that you are 4 Children in your family. Your Dad brought 8 Apples and mom distributed them among all the children including you. (8/4)

Situation 2 :  Assume that you are 4 Children in your family. Your Dad brought 12 Apples and mom distributed them among all the children including you. (12/4)

Type 3

The fraction with the largest numerator and the smallest denominator is the largest.

Example: Which of the following fractions is the largest?

(19/16), (24/11), (17/13), (21/14), (23/15)

Solution : As 24 is the largest numerator and 11 is the smallest denominator, 24/11 is the largest fraction. 

Type 4 : 

When the numerators of two fractions are unequal, we try and equate them by suitably cancelling factors or by suitably multiplying the numerators. Thereafter we compare the denominators as in TYPE 1. Have a look at the following examples.

Example: Which of  the following fractions is the largest?

(64/328), (28/152), (36/176), (49/196)

Solution : 64/328 = 32/164 = 16/82 = 8/41 this is approximately equal to 1/5

Note : In these type of problems, approximate values will be enough. No need to get EXACT values.

25/152 = 14/76 = 7/38 this is approximately equal to 1/5.5

36/176 = 18/88 = 9/44 this is approximately equal to 1/5

49/196 = 7/28 = ¼

As all the numerators are 1 and the least denominator is 4, the fraction 49/196 is the largest

Example: Which of the following fractions is the largest?

(71/181), (214/519), (429/1141)

Solution : (71/181) = (71 X 6) / (181 X 6) = 426/1086

(214/519) = (214 X 2) / (519 X 2) = 428/1038

The numerators are now all ALMOST equal (426, 428 and 429). The smallest denominator is 1038. 

So, the largest fraction must be 428/1038  that is 214/519 :)

Type 5 : 

For a fraction Less than 1 :

If the difference between the numerator and the denominator is same then the fraction with the larger values of numerator and denominator will be the largest. Have a look at the following example.

Example: Which of the following fractions is the largest?

(31/37), (23/29), (17/23), (35/41), (13/19) 

Solutions:  difference between the numerator and the denominator of each fraction is 6.... So the fraction with the larger numerals i.e., 35/41 is the greatest and the fraction with smaller numerals i.e., 13/19 is the smallest.

Type 6 :

For a fraction Greater than 1

If the difference between the numerator and denominator is same, then the fraction with the smaller values will be the largest.

Example : Which of the following fraction is largest ?

(31/27), (43/39), (57/53), (27/23), (29/25)

Solution : As the difference between the numerator and the denominator is same, the fraction with the smaller values i.e., 27/23 is the largest.